Ṭaʿn1 (criticism) occurs for one or more of the following reasons:
From these ten, the first five concern the ʿadālah of the rāwī, while the last five concern his ḍabṭ.4
The list of ṭaʿn above decreases in severity, so number (1) is more severe than number (10).
We can make a few generalisations:
Literally: stabbing. ↩
Contradiction can also occur from the side of a thiqah narrator. Such a ḥadīth will be classified as shādhdh. ↩
Excessive sūʾ ḥifẓ can lead to fuḥsh ghalaṭ. ↩
Precision of narration. ↩
Not all aḥādīth with someone muttaham bi al-kidhb are mawḍūʿ, since the change of words could have been by someone else. ↩
If a kadhdhāb narrates a ḥadīth with no mutābaʿāt or shawāhid, we say that this ḥadīth is possibly mawḍūʿ. ↩
When the routes of a ḍaʿīf ḥadīth with only minor weaknesses multiply, the ḥadīth is upgraded to ḥasan li-ghayrihi.
Definitions of majhūl al-ḥāl, majhūl al-ʿayn and mastūr, with the Aḥnāf classification of narrators and the five rulings on aḥādīth from a majhūl narrator.
Definitions of shādhdh and munkar across Imām al-Shāfiʿī, al-Khalīlī, al-Ḥākim and the Aḥnāf, with the causes of inqidāḥ and a comparative table.
An overview of the science of _jarḥ_ (criticism) and _taʿdīl_ (praise): the two grounds of evaluation, when criticism overrides praise, and who needs it.
